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Authors
Wang, Wei
Huang, Rong
Chen, Miaoxin
Wang, Yu
Zhang, Jiaming
Lai, Xingyi
Hu, Lei
Wang, Lian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82370267)
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2024ZD0531701)
Project of Heart Failure Database of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (2024-LCYJ-DBZ-03)
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Article History
Received: 1 June 2026
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 13 July 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School (Approval No. 2021–532-02). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee owing to the retrospective study design. All patient data were de-identified before analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
