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Authors
Wang, Li
Peng, Shan
Zhang, Yayan
Huang, Dongyue
Guo, Ting
Qin, Jia
Chen, Jiaqi
Li, Mingming
Chen, Muyan
Li, Xue
Cui, Kai
Li, Xiaojin
Li, Xiaobo
Qiu, Shifeng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0948-3160
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Education Department of Hunan Province (25C0015)
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Article History
Received: 18 January 2026
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 25 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015 for the household survey and IRB00001052-11014 for blood samples), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Consent for publication: This study used de-identified data extracted from the publicly accessible CHARLS database, which does not contain any personal or identifiable patient information. Therefore, consent for publication was not required.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
