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Article History

Received: 16 April 2026

Accepted: 19 August 2026

First Online: 24 August 2026

Declarations

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research and Ethics Committee of Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (reference number: AMSH/REC/AHO/058). Institutional approval for recruiting primary and secondary school pupils was obtained from the Afe Babalola International School authorities. All participants aged 18 years and above provided written informed consent. For participants under 18 years, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians, and written assent was obtained from the minors themselves. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all participants (or their guardians) were assured of the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. All data were anonymised to protect participant confidentiality.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data (such as photographs, videos, or identifying details) that would require specific consent for publication.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.