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Authors
Jin, Ping
Sun, Yuyu
Zhang, Lisha
Feng, Na
Deng, Jie
Kou, Huijuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postdoctoral research project of Shaanxi Province (2024BSHYDZZ004)
Key Research and Development General Project in Shaanxi Province (2023-YBSF-605)
Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2024JC-YBQN-0819)
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2026
Accepted: 21 August 2026
First Online: 24 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was a secondary analysis of a publicly available, de-identified critical care database: the eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD). The original data collection was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Because the dataset contained fully de-identified data, the requirement for additional ethical approval and informed consent for this analysis was waived. Authorized access was obtained by one author (Ping Jin), who conducted data extraction in accordance with the established data usage agreement (certification number: 62661740). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and is reported in accordance with the STROBE statement.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
