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Authors
Felemban, Hana Bahraldeen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8677-7376
Hagelamin, Elfatih
Khiralla, Mahir https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1196-482X
Ugwu, Hillary Chukwuma https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6532-9766
Ezike, Hyacinth Chijioke https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3386-4511
Alhassan, Omar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-8772
Alshammari, Abdulaziz https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3970-6127
Alshammari, Aiman https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2369-140X
Alanazi, Areej https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1534-9172
Alshammari, Bassam https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5927-512X
Alruwaili, Heba https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7632-1412
Alris, Feras https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7580-0462
Mustafa, Mohammed https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9875-9826
Merzoug, Farid https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5455-9201
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2025
Accepted: 31 August 2026
First Online: 3 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Aljouf Health Cluster Scientific Research Committee (Approval No: JHC-2025-6). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Given the retrospective nature of the study, the IRB waived informed consent. Patient data were anonymized and handled with strict confidentiality.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or identifiable clinical details).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
