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Article History

Received: 4 July 2026

Accepted: 2 September 2026

First Online: 7 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This single-center retrospective cross-sectional study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (Approval No.: 2026 A-701). All data were obtained from the electronic medical record system and were anonymized prior to analysis, ensuring that no patient-identifiable information was used in this study. The Ethics Committee waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study, the use of de-identified data, and the absence of any additional intervention or procedure involving human participants. This waiver is in accordance with the Measures for Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (Order No. 11 of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, 2016), Article 39, which permits the waiver of informed consent when research involves the use of identifiable human biological materials or data, the participants cannot be contacted, and the research does not involve personal privacy or commercial interests. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.