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Article History

Received: 28 July 2026

Accepted: 2 September 2026

First Online: 7 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used MIMIC-IV, a de-identified, publicly available critical care database. The establishment and release of MIMIC-IV were approved by the institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, Massachusetts), which waived the requirement for individual informed consent. All data were accessed and handled in accordance with the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data Use Agreement after completion of the required training.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.