Lu, Xiaoyan
Zheng, Huilin
Tao, Yang
Gong, Shengdong
Liu, Yanan
Xin, Li
Yin, Hongmei
Article History
Received: 21 July 2026
Accepted: 9 September 2026
First Online: 19 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was a retrospective secondary analysis of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV version 3.1 (MIMIC-IV v3.1) database. MIMIC-IV contains deidentified electronic health record data from patients admitted to the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. The database was established with institutional review board approval from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, with waiver of individual informed consent for use of deidentified data. The present analysis used only deidentified data, did not involve direct patient contact or intervention, and was conducted in accordance with the PhysioNet credentialing and data use requirements.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain identifiable individual-level patient information, images, or personal clinical details.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.