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Authors
Wang, Gang
Xu, Yuting
Su, Xinling
Zheng, Juan
Fang, Zhuangwei
Huang, Liping
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2026
Accepted: 11 September 2026
First Online: 15 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The NHANES protocols were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. This study involved secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified NHANES data linked to mortality files and was determined to be exempt from additional institutional review board approval by the Ethics Committee of The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
