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Authors
Li, Qihua
Huang, Feng
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2026
Accepted: 18 September 2026
First Online: 24 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilized data from CHARLS, a survey conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
