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Article History

Received: 18 December 2024

Accepted: 19 May 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The UK Health Research Authority (HRA) ethics decision tool (https://www.hra-decisiontools.org.uk/)was used to determine whether ethics approval was required. No ethics/consent was required (as no patientswere recruited for this work, and no individual patient data was used).

: Not applicable.

: GF reports receiving consulting fees from AstraZeneca for management of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (payment to his employer), Bayer for lecture on models of NHS industry working, CSL Behring for stroke trial consultancy, and being Chief Executive of Health Innovation Oxford and Thames Valley which has multiple joint working agreements and medical education grants with industry partners that are contracts with Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust the host organisation for Health Innovation Oxford and Thames Valley. No other authors report competing interests.