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Article History

Received: 19 April 2024

Accepted: 5 July 2025

First Online: 15 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the Swedish Act concerning the Ethical Review of Research Involving Humans [ ] and adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki as revised by the World Medical Association [ ]. As this project was a retrospective observational study, there were no risks of physical harm or pain to participants. The likelihood of discomfort due to potential breaches of privacy was assessed as very low. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (DNR-2020-01614), which also granted a waiver of informed consent due to the impracticality of obtaining consent from a large and diverse sample. The nature of our study necessitated the analysis of a significantly large sample size, rendering it impractical and unfeasible to obtain informed consent from each individual participant. The sheer scale and diversity of the sample made it logistically impossible to engage with each participant on an individual basis. Waiver of the need for informed consent, was applied for at the Swedish Ethical Review Authority, who approved the request (DNR-2020-01614).

: All authors have given consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.