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Authors
Nutbeam, Tim https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-9240
Foote, Emily https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3699-3122
Rodgers, Lauren R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-3073
Thomas-Mourne, Jessica https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8898-1673
Fenwick, Rob https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-3109
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Road Safety Trust (Bystander1)
Vision Zero South West (IMPACT1)
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Article History
Received: 12 April 2025
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It involved a simulation-based design with no clinical interventions, no collection of personal health data, and no administration of treatment or collection of biological samples. The UK Health Research Authority’s Is This Research? decision tool (), which is aligned with the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research (2017), was used to determine whether NHS Research Ethics Committee (REC) approval was required. Based on the information provided, the activity was deemed not to be research under the Framework and was therefore classified as a service evaluation and public engagement exercise. As such, it did not require NHS REC approval. All participants provided informed consent prior to participation. They were given written and verbal information about the study, advised that participation was voluntary, and informed they could withdraw at any time. No participants were under the age of 18.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
