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Authors
Fritz, Christie L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-6164
Rosen, Carlo L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9876-4476
Thomas, Caroline E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0953-9227
Kim, Andy J. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4363-3750
Price, James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-692X
Hibberd, Owen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3839-1874
Galvagno, Sam https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5563-4092
Schoenfeld, David W. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3909-3728
Thomas, Stephen H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-5921
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Article History
Received: 31 May 2025
Accepted: 18 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: An ethics statement is not applicable because this study is based exclusively on published literature. The review was registered with the University of York’s International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO #648823).
: Not applicable (meta-analysis).
: Parts of the project were presented in abstract form at the National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting, 6–11 January 2025, San Diego, CA, USA.
: No.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
