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Article History

Received: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg (482/18 and 23-1450-S1). The research data was used based on the End User License Agreement (EULA), which was agreed by the participating first responders upon registration. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants. The data protection concept has been reviewed and approved by the state data protection officer. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The trial is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS, ID: DRKS00016625 15/04/2019 and DRKS00032957 30/10/2023), which is a WHO primary register.

: Not applicable.

: During the preparation of this work the authors used Microsoft Word 365 Editor and OpenAI ChatGPT 2024 to check language and readability. After using this service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

: JG is member of the board of Region of Lifesavers (non-profit organisation). MPM is chair of Region of Lifesavers (non-profit organisation), received speaker honoraria from Stryker, and holds shares (SmartResQ ApS, Denmark).HJB is member of the executive committee of the German Resuscitation Council and vice chair of Region of Lifesavers (non-profit organisation). TB received honoraria from FirstAED ApS, Denmark, for technical support regarding FirstAED alerting software.GT is board member of Region der Lebensretter e.V., secretary of the board of the German Resuscitation Council and consultant for Resuscitec Gmb. HESR, AW, NW, SN, RW and HB have no conflicts of interest.