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Authors
Chongthavonsatit, Nichapha
Khachintararod, Kamonchanok
Atiksawedparit, Pongsakorn
Prachanukool, Thidathit
Phongsawad, Suraphong
Eaimsamlee, Tapanee
Piamsiri, Orathai
Kaewtanyanukul, Pisitpong
Tuchinda, Jirawat
Srisomboon, Jirath
Ouchi, Kei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mahidol University
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (COA. MURA 2024/83) in full compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, CIOMS guidelines, and the International Conference on Harmonization in Good Clinical Practice. The Human Research Ethics Committee waived the patient consent, whereas all emergency provider participants provided their informed consent before participating.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
