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Authors
Tasnim, Zarin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-6836
Karimuzzaman, Md https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-2379
Naher, Nahitun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7593-8613
Islam, Bushra Zarin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9988-7558
Tune, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0308-2817
Mehmood, Amber https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8417-1282
Mohammed, Suresh Kunhi
Nasim, S. M. Asib
Hossain, Rafi
Ahmed, Syed Masud https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-7181
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Global Road Safety Facility of the World Bank
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 22 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of BRAC JPGSPH, BRAC University granted ethical permission (IRB-4 July’ 21-017) for the study. The study received approval from the Planning Wing of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare/Government of Bangladesh and was communicated to the selected facilities thereafter. The study participants provided informed, voluntary consent in accordance with ethical guidelines. Given the nature of trauma cases, consent was primarily sought from patients upon stabilisation. In cases where patients had major injuries or temporarily decreased capacity, consent was obtained from their legally authorised representatives, such as family members. If a patient later regained decision-making capacity, their consent was reaffirmed. For patients with permanent incapacity, consent from the legally authorised representative remained valid.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
