Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 October 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 20 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Approval code: IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1404.346). Permissions were obtained from all participating hospitals. Eligible ED nurses voluntarily participated after providing written informed consent. Participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity, with all questionnaires coded and securely stored. Access to the data was restricted to the research team, and all study data will be retained for 5 years in accordance with institutional policies before permanent and secure destruction. Participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Questionnaires were administered individually in quiet environments to ensure privacy and minimize potential bias. The study adhered strictly to ethical standards governing research involving human subjects.

: There are no materials from other sources.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.