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Authors
Żuratyński, Przemysław https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3498-6229
Ślęzak, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0052-5654
Borowczyk, Michał https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9403-5197
Czynszak, Tomasz https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6329-6213
Janowska-Zientara, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2023-8772
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2025
Accepted: 10 April 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
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: The analysis is based exclusively on official emergency medical service (EMS) records collected for administrative and reporting purposes over a 31-day observation period. The study used aggregated, fully anonymized numerical data and did not involve any direct contact with individuals, patients, or healthcare personnel. As no personal or identifiable data were accessed and no human participants were involved, ethics approval and informed consent were not required. According to the regulations of the Bioethics Committee of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz (Order No. ZR.215.2023), studies based solely on fully anonymized aggregated data do not require ethics committee approval. Therefore, formal approval from an institutional ethics committee was not required. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was not required, as no individual-level data were collected and no participants were directly involved in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
