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Article History

Received: 30 January 2026

Accepted: 7 May 2026

First Online: 30 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study followed good scientific practices as defined by the Finnish National Board on Research Integrity (TENK) and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national guidelines. The study used pseudonymized registry data from the Emergency Medical Services and the Emergency Department of Turku University Hospital. According to Finnish legislation governing the secondary use of health data, informed consent from individual patients is not required for retrospective register-based studies in which no identifiable personal information is accessible to the researchers. The study protocol and data processing procedures were approved by the Wellbeing Services County of Southwest Finland (research permit: T1979/2023). All data handling followed national data protection regulations and institutional requirements, and no personal identifiers were handled outside secure hospital research environments.

: In accordance with COPE and BMC guidelines on the responsible use of artificial intelligence in scholarly writing, the authors disclose that ChatGPT (OpenAI) was used to support language editing and to generate preliminary drafts of selected R code segments for data handling and figure preparation. The model did not have access to the study data, did not perform any statistical analyses, and did not contribute to the interpretation of findings. All AI-assisted outputs were manually reviewed, tested, and validated by the authors. All decisions regarding the study design, analysis, and reporting were made solely by the authors, who assume full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the work.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.