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Authors
Bishop, Andrew https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5408-6476
Nehme, Ziad
Stub, Dion
Murdoch, Karen
Dantanarayana, Ashanti
Wijaya, Jesslyn
Meadley, Benjamin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart Foundation of Australia
National Health and Medical Research Council
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Article History
Received: 24 December 2025
Accepted: 22 June 2026
First Online: 29 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Project ID: 46739). Ethics approval was granted under provisions allowing the secondary use of routinely collected patient data for research purposes, in accordance with the Ambulance Victoria Privacy Policy. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of routinely collected, de-identified data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
