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Authors
Khalaf, Abdulhameed Al
Albisher, Alla
Shams, Ahmed Al
Khalaf, Mohammed Al
Althani, Jassem
Essa, Jassim Al
Ali, Ali Al
Alwabari, Mohammed
Alhassan, Haidar
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 8 July 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Maternity and Children’s Hospital, Alahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (IRB No. MCH-PED-2024-047). The requirement for informed consent was waived because the study used retrospectively collected, de-identified electronic health record data and involved no direct patient contact, in accordance with national regulations and institutional policies.
: Not applicable. This study used anonymized routinely collected data, and no individual patient identifiers or images are included in the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
