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Authors
Appiah, Anthony Baffour
Bärnighausen, Till
Wilson, Michael Lowery
Dambach, Peter
MohammadNamdar, Mahsa
Buunaaim, Alexis Dun Bo-ib
Morna, Martin Tangnaa
Ativor, Vincent
Donkor, Peter
Mock, Charles
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg der Universität Heidelberg
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 10 July 2026
First Online: 18 July 2026
Declarations
Ethical approval: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (Ref: KATHIRB/AP/127/23), the Ethics Review Committee of Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (Ref: CCTHERC/EC/2023/120), and the Department of Research and Development of Tamale Teaching Hospital (Ref. TTH/R&D/SR/031). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, which outlines ethical principles for medical research involving human participants, with strict adherence of data security and confidentiality.
Consent to participate: The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective design and use of de-identified clinical data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
