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Article History

Received: 18 February 2026

Accepted: 13 July 2026

First Online: 29 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University (Certificate of Approval No. MURA2024/589). The study protocol was registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20241008007; 08 October 2024). All patients received treatment according to standard emergency medical care protocols. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient’s legally authorised representative (usually an immediate family member) at the time of or as soon as possible after study enrolment. In situations where no representative was immediately available due to the emergency circumstances, a deferred consent process was implemented. Consent was subsequently obtained once the patient’s condition had stabilised or when contact with a legally authorised representative was established, in accordance with ethics committee approval.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.