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Article History

Received: 24 July 2019

Accepted: 27 January 2020

First Online: 14 March 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: In the past 36 months, J.D.W. received research support through the Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation and through the Yale-Mayo Clinical Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI; U01FD005938). S.S. and J.P.A.I. received research support through the Meta Research Innovation Center at Stanfrod (METRICS) from the Laura and John Arnold Foundations and through an unrestricted gift from Sue and Bob O’Donnell. L.C. received a scholarship from China Scholarship Council. A.C.E. received research support through the Collaboration for Research Integrity and Transparency from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. V.V. received support through the National Institutes of Health. J.S.R. received research support through Yale from Johnson and Johnson to develop methods of clinical trial data sharing, from Medtronic, Inc. and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to develop methods for postmarket surveillance of medical devices (U01FD004585), from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to develop and maintain performance measures that are used for public reporting, from the FDA to establish a Center for Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (CERSI) at Yale University and the Mayo Clinic (U01FD005938), from the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association to better understand medical technology evaluation, from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS022882), and from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation.