Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 June 2022

Accepted: 11 May 2023

First Online: 20 May 2023

Declarations

:

: This study was exempt from ethical approval as the study authors collected and synthesized data from previous publications, in which informed consent had already been obtained by the primary investigators, per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. No human participants were recruited for this study.

: Not Applicable.

: The author is a visiting senior lecturer at the Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research at King’s College London and is responsible for research into real-world evidence approaches. He is also the founder and CEO of Medialis Ltd, a medical affairs consultancy and contract research organisation involved in the design and delivery of real-world evidence in the pharmaceutical industry.