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Article History

Received: 5 August 2022

Accepted: 27 July 2023

First Online: 19 August 2023

Declarations

: This is not a human study. All data used in the study are from public databases. No new human data is generated in the study.

: Ethical review and approval and obtaining informed consent was deemed unnecessary for the present study, because we performed secondary analyses of data obtained from the ADNI study, which was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all of the participating institutions. All participants represented in the ADNI dataset provided informed written consent as described in. ^41,42 All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and national regulations according to the Declaration of Helsinki (consent for research). More details can be found at adni.loni.usc.edu.

: Not applicable.

: TK reports outside the submitted work to have received research grants from the German Joint Committee and the German Ministry of Health. He further reports personal compensation from Eli Lilly and Company, Teva, TotalEnergies S.E. the BMJ, and Frontiers. MP reports having received partial funding for a self-initiated research project from Novartis Pharma. MP further reports being awarded a research grant from the Center for Stroke Research Berlin (private donations) for a self-initiated project. The declared funding sources did not influence the present research study. All other authors do not have any conflicts of interest.