Kuznetsova, Olga
Ross, Jennifer
Bodden, Daniel
Cooner, Freda
Chipman, Jonathan
Jacko, Peter
Krisam, Johannes
Luo, Yuqun Abigail
Mielke, Tobias
Robertson, David S.
Ryeznik, Yevgen
Villar, Sofia S.
Zhao, Wenle
Sverdlov, Oleksandr
Funding for this research was provided by:
Uppsala University
Article History
Received: 23 July 2024
Accepted: 29 September 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Change Date: 2 February 2026
Change Type: Update
Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: the authors reported a figure processing error of figures 7 and 8.
Change Date: 5 February 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-026-02788-2
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not Applicable.
: PJ is an employee of Berry Consultants, a consulting company that specialises in the design, conduct, oversight, and analysis of adaptive and platform clinical trials. SSV holds an advisory role for PhaseV. JR is an employee of Almac Clinical Technologies which is company that builds IRT systems for clinical trials (including implementation of randomization for platform trials). Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.