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Authors
Abdullah, Norli Anida
Hariri, Firdaus
Hisam, Mohamad Norikmal Fazli
Binti Hassan, Siti Fatimah
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FP115-2019A)
Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi (TDF08211448)
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Article History
Received: 22 June 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee, University Malaya Medical Center with approval reference number [2022916-11546].All data used in this study were collected from existing, anonymized CT datasets. These data were retrospectively obtained and fully de-identified prior to analysis. As such, no identifiable personal information was included, and informed consent for participation was not required, in accordance with local institutional and ethical guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
