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Authors
Senthinathan, A.
Tu, K.
Stephenson, E.
O’Neill, B.
Lipscombe, L.
Ji, C.
Butt, D. A.
Apajee, J.
Train, A.
Crampton, N.
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2022
Accepted: 10 January 2024
First Online: 27 January 2024
Declarations
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: This study was approved through the University of Toronto (40943) research ethics board. All methods were carried out in accordance with UTOPIAN standard operating procedures and guidelines. Data available in the UTOPIAN database for research purposes operates under both TCPS2 and PHIPA principles. Under TCPS2, the requirement for consent is waived when it is impossible or impracticable to seek consent from individuals to whom the information relates. In Sect. 44 of PHIPA consent is waived when obtaining the consent of the individuals whose personal health information is being disclosed would be impractical. As this is an observational study, not an experimental study, that retrospectively analyses de-identified data and risk of harm to any individual is negligible. Contributing Health Information Custodians provide written permission to have their EMR data extracted, de-identified, and used for research purposes, and patients can opt out for their data to be part of the database.
: All authors provide consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
