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Authors
Thain, Alfie
Visser, Petra
Hart, Kathryn
Nexo, Ebba
McCaddon, Andrew
Hannibal, Luciana
Wolffenbuttel, Bruce HR
Green, Ralph
Ward, Nicola
Seage, Catherine Heidi
Burchell, Katrina
Ahmadi, Kourosh R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Surrey
The Pernicious Society
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2024
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was based on a secondary analysis of existing data and reviewed by the University of Surrey Ethics Committee (EGA ref: FHMS 23–24 124 EGA). It was determined that the study did not require a full ethical review and was exempt from this requirement. This study was conducted using data collected by the PAS through an online survey conducted in 2022. Members were informed about the purpose of the survey, and by continuing to complete the survey, they were offered the opportunity to provide consent (yes/no) and to be contacted to participate in future research and for their data to be used for purposes of research into PA. The PAS membership forms included a statement on confidentiality to ensure that the collected data could be used for research purposes. From 2023, completion of the online survey is now routine as part of the baseline PAS membership application process.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
