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Article History

Received: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the University of British Columbia Behavioural Research Ethics Board (H22-00692).The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional guidelines on human experimentation (University of British Columbia Behavioural Ethics Board). This study adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.BC-CPCSSN has its own ethics approval (H11-00129). Consent to participate was waived by the University of British Columbia Behavioural Research Ethics Board. It was not necessary to obtain informed consent from patients whose data was accessed through CPCSSN as patient EMR data are already routinely collected through CPCSSN. Patients are informed at each participating practice that their primary care provider is participating in CPCSSN through patient information posters and letters of information, which explain that they have the right to opt out by informing their physician, medical office staff, or researchers. All patient information is anonymized. That is, direct identifiers (i.e. name, health information, or provincial identification number) are omitted by design at the point of extraction.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.