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Authors
Burns, Dan
Simpson, Glenn
Zlatev, Zlatko
Smith, Lucy
Dylag, Jakub
Santer, Miriam
Boniface, Michael
Farmer, Andrew
Dambha-Miller, Hajira
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR202637)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR202637)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR202637)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR202637)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR202637)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR202637)
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2025
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was granted by the University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine Research Committee (67953). The study was also approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Group of the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) (ISAC protocol number 21_001667). This study adhered to the General Principles and ethical standards described in the Declaration of Helsinki.Informed consent to participate in relation to the electronic health records data was waived by the Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee, University of Southampton, United Kingdom, as this study used anonymised data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), the use of which is set out in the data privacy regulations of CPRD ( ). This is in accordance with both the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) ( ) and UK health research conduct, as set out in the Information Commissioner’s Office Anonymisation Code of Practice ( ).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
