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Article History

Received: 6 July 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The University of Leeds (No. MREC 21 − 008 CHORUS ______) and the Bangladesh Medical and Research Council (BMRC) (BMRC/NREC/2019–2022 / 485) both granted Ethical Clearances for the study.With Dhaka as our research focus, we were authorized by the Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) allowing us to conduct a comprehensive health facility assessment survey at all 32 NGO clinics. Additionally, we obtained an approval letter from the Dhaka Civil Surgeon to conduct the same survey across all 19 Urban Dispensaries (UDs) in Dhaka city. To ensure compliance with ethical guidelines, we developed an information sheet and consent form tailored for both types of facilities. We diligently obtained written consent from each facility's administrative head and all healthcare staff who participated in the survey. We obtained informed written consent from all participants in the study.

: Not applicable as the manuscript does not contain data from any individual.

: The authors declare no competing interests.