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Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 10 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved as exempt by the Massachusetts General Brigham IRB (protocol # 2021P003139), the University of Oklahoma IRB (protocol #14825), and the Colorado Multiple IRB (protocol #24–0128). An implied consent approach was used as all reviewing IRBs waived the requirement for signed informed consent. Ethical standards for all three approving IRBs are based on the Belmont Report, which outlines three core principles for research involving human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Approving IRBs are accredited by the Association for Accreditation of Human Research Programs which accredits research programs based on Helsinki Declaration and other ethical principles. Study materials were provided in both English and Spanish, and included information on the study aims, eligibility criteria, remuneration, risks/benefits to participation, and instructions for completing the survey or opting out of the study.

: Not applicable.

: Gina Kruse and Elyse Park report financial support was provided by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP for a research grant administered by National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Gina Kruse reports a relationship with Dimagi Inc that includes: equity or stocks. Gina Kruse reports a relationship with Edwards Lifesciences Corporation that includes: consulting or advisory. Elyse Park receives royalties from UpToDate. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.