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Article History

Received: 6 April 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

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: This study is based on data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), which was ethically reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052–14010). The CFPS data used in this research are publicly available at . All participants or their proxy respondents provided written informed consent after being fully informed of the study content and potential outcomes.The Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University approved the CFPS study in accordance with a comprehensive framework of relevant laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules, normative documents, and international ethical guidelines. These include the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, the Law on Physicians, the Regulations on the Administration of Medical Institutions, the Basic Healthcare and Health Promotion Law, the Personal Information Protection Law, the Drug Administration Law, the Data Security Law, the Regulations on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources, the Good Clinical Practice for Drug Trials, the Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans, the Guidelines for Ethical Review of Drug Clinical Trials, and the Administrative Measures for Investigator-Initiated Clinical Research in Medical and Health Institutions (Trial).The review also adhered to international ethical principles and standards, including the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association), the Operational Guidelines for Ethics Committees Reviewing Biomedical Research (World Health Organization), and the International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related Research Involving Humans (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, CIOMS). Additionally, the approval was granted in accordance with the subject protection policies of Peking University. Based on this comprehensive ethical and regulatory framework, the committee agreed to the conduct of the CFPS study in line with the approved research protocol. Consent for publication is not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.