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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Rwanda National Ethics Committee (approval number #00001973) prior to data collection commencement. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study utilized de-identified secondary data from the Babyl platform database and the Health Management Information System (HMIS), which included aggregated facility-based consultation records. As this was a retrospective analysis of de-identified administrative health data, individual informed consent was not required per institutional ethical guidelines. The study adhered to international ethical standards for health data research, ensuring all data were anonymized with no personally identifiable information accessed. Data security protocols were maintained with access restricted to authorized research team members. The study was designed to generate evidence for digital health service improvement without causing harm, adhering to principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.