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Authors
Chuah, Carmen Jia Wen
Lim, Hooi Min
Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid
Ng, Chirk Jenn
Tong, Wen Ting
Tan, Wooi Hang
Ho, Bee Kiau
Leong, Yin Hui
Jessen, Neusa
Patil, Shailaja
Labarthe, Darwin R.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
International Society of Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology and Prevention
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
The Northwestern Institute for Global Health Catalyzer Research Fund (1029)
Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.
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Article History
Received: 8 November 2025
Accepted: 3 June 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR ID-23-01593-IDO). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
