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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 7 July 2025

First Online: 28 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received approval from the University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Institutional Review Board (UR-CMHS/IRB) [Ref No: 299/CMHS IRB/2023], King Faisal Hospital Rwanda Institutional Review Board (Ref No: KFH/2023/107/IRB), Kigali University Teaching Hospital ethical committee (Ref No: EC/CHUK/142/2023), and Rwanda Military Hospital Institutional Review Board (Ref No: 294/RMH/CMDT/2024). Patients provided informed consent before data collection. Data were protected through password-locked computers, with participant identities restricted to study investigators and only de-identified data used for analysis, ensuring confidentiality throughout the research process. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of our institutional review board and with Helsinki Declaration.

: Not applicable as this study used de-identified data and no individual patient information or images are presented in this publication. The institutional review boards of participating hospitals approved the use of anonymized patient data for research purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.