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Article History

Received: 21 December 2024

Accepted: 9 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The MIMIC-IV database complies with the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (protocol number 2001P-001699/14). The IRB reviewed and authorized both the data acquisition procedures and the development of the research dataset, granting permission for data sharing and waiving the requirement for individual informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.