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Authors
Liu, Cui’e https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1688-6748
Li, Chaochen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3163-3367
Fu, Jia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4796-9858
Bai, Long https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8783-6083
Wang, Man https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1309-4216
Song, Pei https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8775-0492
Zheng, Meng https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0713-8347
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Article History
Received: 10 April 2025
Accepted: 24 July 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized de-identified, publicly available data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The original NHANES study protocol was reviewed and approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. Detailed documentation is available at: . As this secondary analysis exclusively used anonymized data in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, no additional institutional review board approval was required for the current study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
