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Article History

Received: 24 July 2024

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Change Date: 19 December 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original publication was amended to correct several typographical errors.

Declarations

:

: All customers were at least 18 years old at the time of sample collection. All customers were informed, and they consented to their data being used for research purposes, as part of the sign-up process for Viome services. At Viome Life Sciences, we assess each research project to determine whether it needs to be reviewed by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). Based on the US Health and Human Services CFR 46.104, Sect. 4(II), the Ethics Program Director determined that this research is exempt from IRB review. This research project solely uses retrospective data from Viome Life Sciences’ customers. All study data are de-identified; data analysis team members have no access to personally identifiable information.

: Not applicable.

: All authors are stockholders and either employees or paid advisors of Viome Inc, a commercial for-profit company.