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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 3 November 2025

Declarations

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: This study involved only trainees and non-biological simulation models, without patients, animals, or human tissue. According to the institutional regulations of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, such studies are classified as exempt from formal ethics committee review.All methods were carried out by the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines. According to the notice on the issuance of ethical review measures for human life science and medical research issued by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China on February 18, 2023, Article 32 of Chap. 3 states that using human information data or biological samples to carry out human life science and medical research in the following situations does not cause harm to the human body, does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests, Ethical review can be exempted to reduce unnecessary burdens on researchers and promote the development of life sciences and medical research involving humans. More ethical content can be found in . This study only involves trainees, and the models used are all non-biological models that do not include patients, animals, or other organisms. Therefore, it can be considered that there is no need for ethical review. All trainees have agreed and signed the informed consent form. They acknowledge the risks involved and agree to use their training data for this research. (Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital)

: The participant gave informed consent to publish his images in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.