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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (Reference No. 2024-P2-097-02). The research was based on retrospectively collected, de-identified medical records and did not include any individual person’s data in identifiable form (such as names, images, or case-specific details). Therefore, the ethics committee approved a waiver of written informed consent for this retrospective analysis. All patients had provided written informed consent for surgery and verbal consent for the anonymized use of their clinical data for research purposes at the time of treatment.

: All participants provided consent for publication of anonymized data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.