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Authors
Pang, Chunmiao
Niu, Xingjie
Zhang, Fangjie
Liu, Zhihui
Lin, Zhandong
Nie, Liuchang
Zhang, Guomin
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 6 November 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975) and was approved by the institutional Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University (affiliated with the Hospital of Chengde Medical University) (No. CyfyLL2025313, Approval date: 18 June 2024). The Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University waived the informed consent requirements for this study, as it retrospectively utilized deidentified clinical data.
: Not applicable. The Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University waived the requirement for informed consent for publication, as this study utilized deidentified retrospective clinical data that maintained participant anonymity throughout the research process.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
