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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using de-identified data from the publicly available INSPIRE database, which was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB number: H-2210-078-1368). The IRB waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study and use of de-identified data. The Institutional Data Review Board (DRB) also approved public release of the dataset (DRB number: BD-R-2022-11-02).

: Not applicable. This study used fully de-identified data from the publicly available INSPIRE database, and no individual person’s identifiable data (including images or clinical details) were included.

: The authors declare no competing interests.