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Authors
Zhang, Dawei
Wang, Shengqiang
Li, Haoyang
Fu, Zixuan
Zhang, Jing
Liu, Zhen
Li, Shikuan
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2024
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: The questionnaire and methodology for this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (Ethics approval number: QYFY WZLL 29016).The need for written informed consent to participate was waived by the Human Research Ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University due to retrospective nature of the study.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
