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Authors
Li, Shuohui
Xie, Xiaoli
Niu, Weiwei
Xing, Jiajing
Lei, Kun
Gao, Feng
Lu, Fanhao
Zhao, Hongjing
Cheng, Shuxian
Wang, Na
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hebei Natural Science Foundation (H2023206912)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University (Ethics ID: 2025-R653). The use of the MIMIC-IV database was authorized after completing the required training (CITI Program Record ID 68429492). As all data were anonymized and de-identified, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committees. Our research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
