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Authors
Zou, Linfeng
Yang, Yingyun
Shi, Jihua
Liao, Wanying
Fu, Siyang
Wang, Qiang
Yang, Aiming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Municipal Health Commission Research Ward Excellence Clinical Research Program (BRWEP2024W034010107)
State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases Funding (SKL-HIDCA-2024-GB3)
National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-PUMCH-C-063)
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Approval No.: I-23PJ924). Written informed consent for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was obtained from all patients prior to the procedure. The need for additional informed consent specific to this retrospective analysis was waived due to the general consent for retrospective studies embedded in the institutional patient consent forms.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
