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Article History

Received: 16 September 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study strictly adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research involved no interference with diagnosis or treatment; it utilized only observational data for analysis. This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the National Taiwan University Hospital, approval number 201805111RINB.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.